The Science Behind Responsible Drinking

What is Alcohol?

Alcohol is a type of chemical group that has a general formula of R-OH, where “R” stands for any carbon-containing group. This means there are many different molecules that can be called “alcohols.” 

Within this group, alcohols are sorted into three types: primary, secondary, and tertiary. For example, ethanol is a primary alcohol because the carbon atom connected to the –OH group is only connected to one other carbon atom.

Some common examples of alcohols are:

• Ethanol: Found in alcoholic drinks
• Methanol: Used in antifreeze
• Isopropyl alcohol: Used as a disinfectant. 

Despite the variety of alcohols, humans can only metabolize one: ethanol. Ethanol is naturally produced as a byproduct of plant fermentation, a process in which yeast converts sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide.  

In alcoholic beverages, ethanol is never present in its pure form, as even a small amount can significantly increase your blood alcohol levels. Instead, drinks contain a diluted concentration of ethanol. For example, beer typically has an ethanol concentration of 4% to 6% per volume. This balance allows us to enjoy the effects of alcohol in a controlled manner. 

How is Alcohol Made? 

Fermentation is the heart of alcohol production, driving the transformation of sugars. It’s where tiny organisms, such as yeast, turn sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide without needing oxygen. This happens in breweries and wineries to create drinks, such as beer, wine, sake, mead, and more.

Making Beer

Malted barley is soaked in hot water to release sugars. Yeast is then added to this sugary liquid, called wort. During fermentation, yeast eats sugars, making alcohol and releasing bubbles of carbon dioxide. The type of yeast and how long it ferments affects the taste and strength of the beer. 

Fermenting Wine

Wine is made by fermenting grapes, which are crushed to release their juices, then yeast is added. The yeast ferments the sugars in the grape juice into alcohol and carbon dioxide. Different types of grapes and fermentation techniques result in a wide variety of wines with unique tastes and characteristics. 

Curious to learn more about the fermentation process? During Brewology at PacSci, learn more about the process firsthand from local Seattle brewers.  

How Does Alcohol Travel Through Your Body? 

Understanding how alcohol is metabolized can help you make informed decisions about drinking responsibly. When you drink alcohol, it breaks down through a process called metabolism in your body.  

Alcohol is quickly absorbed into your bloodstream through the walls of your stomach and small intestine. From there, it travels to various organs, including your brain and liver, where it starts to affect your body. 

The primary organ responsible for metabolizing alcohol is the liver. Here, enzymes break down alcohol into acetaldehyde (ACH), a toxic substance that is further metabolized into acetate by another set of enzymes. Acetate is then broken down into carbon dioxide and water, which are easily eliminated from the body. 

On average, your body can metabolize alcohol at the rate of about one standard drink per hour. A standard drink is typically defined as a 12-ounce beer, 5-ounce glass of wine, or 1.5-ounce shot of distilled spirits. This rate can vary based on factors such as body weight, overall health, and other biological factors.  

As alcohol is metabolized, it affects various neurotransmitters in the brain, such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and dopamine, which contribute to its intoxicating effects. These effects can include relaxation, lowered inhibitions, impaired coordination, and, in excessive amounts, impaired judgment and potential health risks. 

At PacSci’s 21+ events, all IDs are checked to ensure compliance with legal drinking age restrictions in the United States. Non-alcoholic beverage options are also available. 

Why do I get Hungover After Drinking?

When you wake up after a long night out, you might not be feeling your best. Acetaldehyde (ACH) is a potential toxin that contributes to the effects experienced after drinking alcohol. After you drink, acetaldehyde primarily builds up in the liver. When its levels get too high, the liver has trouble processing and getting rid of it efficiently, allowing acetaldehyde to linger in other parts of the body, especially the brain. 

Alcohol also acts as a diuretic, increasing urine production and causing dehydration, which can lead to headaches and fatigue. It disrupts sleep patterns, leaving you groggy and tired the next day. 

Additionally, alcohol triggers inflammation and affects neurotransmitter levels in the body. This can result in symptoms like nausea, sensitivity to light and sound, and difficulty concentrating. 

How Can I Feel Better during a Hangover? 

Okay, now you might understand why you feel so lousy, but how can you fix it? Sadly, there is no easy cure for a hangover (other than not drinking as heavily the night before). Here are some things that might help you get back to yourself: 

• Hydration: Replenish lost fluids with water or electrolyte-rich drinks to ease dehydration-related headaches and fatigue. Electrolytes like sodium and potassium, essential for nerve and muscle function, are often depleted by alcohol’s diuretic effects. We always have non-alcoholic drink options available during events!

• Rest: Alcohol disrupts sleep patterns by initially causing sedation followed by frequent awakenings and lighter sleep stages. Prioritizing rest and allowing your body to complete its sleep cycles can help restore cognitive function and energy levels. 

• Nutrients: Alcohol consumption can impair the absorption of essential nutrients that are crucial for energy metabolism and brain function. Consuming a balanced meal or supplements rich in these nutrients can support recovery and reduce hangover symptoms. We have food available during 21+ events for purchase.

• Avoid Caffeine: While caffeine can temporarily alleviate fatigue and improve alertness, excessive consumption can worsen dehydration and anxiety.  

At 21+ events, we have water, non-alcoholic drink options, and food available.  

Remember, practicing moderation and responsible drinking habits are crucial not only for preventing hangovers but also for maintaining overall health and well-being. 

Balancing Enjoyment and Responsibility

From the metabolism of ethanol to the role of acetaldehyde in hangovers, we’ve uncovered how alcohol impacts us biologically. It’s clear that responsible drinking practices, such as moderation, hydration, and nutrients, are crucial for minimizing negative effects like hangovers. 

At PacSci’s 21+ events, where responsible enjoyment is emphasized, we celebrate both the science and the social aspects of alcohol.  

By embracing knowledge and moderation, we can continue to enjoy alcohol’s positive aspects while prioritizing our health and well-being as well as community safety.

About the Author

Emily Jeung is a passionate marketing and communications professional based in Seattle, working at Pacific Science Center. Specializing in engaging content creation and strategic outreach, Emily is dedicated to enhancing the center’s mission of delivering impactful science education and fostering community connections. When she isn’t working, she enjoys exploring the outdoors, crafting, and cooking.

You can email Emily for insights and collaboration opportunities.